Grillot, ‘Dans ce Haut-Congo Fran9ais \ MC (step one914), 140-step 1
96 AOM, AP648, Decree toward production of a great Commune from the Brazzaville, 5 October 1911; message out-of Governor-General Merlin, BCAF, 10 (1910), 331; AOM, 4(2)D7, Annual declaration out-of Moyen-Congo, Brazzaville, 1911. 97 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, thirty six. 98 Mandat-Grancey, Au Congo, 182. 99 Veistroffer, Vingt arts, 103; Baratier, Au Congo, 121. 100 Colonel Moll, Une dme de- colonial: lettres du Lieutenant-Colonel Moll (Paris, Emile-Paul, 1912), 10; Deschamps, De- Bordeaux bien au Tchad, 22-5; Frey, ‘Brazzaville’, 44-6; Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, step 32-step 3, step three 8 ^ 0 . 101 For metropolitan structures when you look at the colonial Africa, see, Philip D. Betts, Undecided dimensions: western overseas empires throughout the twentieth-century (Minneapolis: School from Minnesota Press, 1985), 114-46; Odile Goerg, ‘Reflexion en ce qui concerne l’architecture europeenne le long de los angeles cote africaine a partir de l’exemple de- la Guinee’, for the Almeida-Topor and you will Riesz (eds.), Rencontres franco-allemandes sur VAfrique, 81-92; and Gwendolyn Wright, ‘Tradition about solution away from modernity: architecture and you may urbanism from inside the French colonial plan, 1900-1930’, Record of contemporary History, 59 (June 1987), 291-316. 102 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 34. 103 Towards history and you may requirement for this new Fourteenth regarding July in the Brazzaville, see Phyllis Meters. Martin, ‘National holidays transformed: the fourteenth of July in the Brazzaville’, report presented within 30-7th yearly appointment of your African Studies Organization, Toronto, ps, ‘Rapport en ce qui concerne la region de- Brazzaville’. 105 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 36. 106 Message regarding Governor-General Merlin, BCAF, ten (1910), 337. 107 Gabrielle and you will Joseph Vassal, Franfais, Beige et Portugais durante Afrique Equatoriale (Paris: Pierre Roger, 1926), 42. 108 Headrick, ‘The perception away from colonialism to your health’, 221. 109 Curtin, ‘Medical knowledge and you will metropolitan planning’, 594-eight. 110 Ibid., 598-609; plus Headrick, ‘The impression out of colonialism on health’, 143-4, 801-dos. 111 Bonchamps, ‘Rapport en ce qui concerne los angeles region de Brazzaville’. 112 Frey, ‘Brazzaville’, 44; Sautter, De VAtlantique aufleuve Congo, vol. I, 398. 113 Challaye, Le Congo Franfais, 219. 114 JO, ps, ‘Rapport sur los angeles part de Brazzaville’; and additionally AOM, 4(2)D1, Brazzaville Officer to help you Administrator-Standard from inside the Libreville, 13 July 1901. 116 Cited in the Headrick, ‘The perception away from colonialism towards the health’, 383. 117 JO, 20 Get 1905. 118 AGPSE, 510BVI, Annual account ‘Oeuvres de- la Sainte-Enfance’, 24 Oct 1901,step one January 1903,ten November 1912. 119 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 42. Chikouangue is actually a mention of manioc bread. 120 AOM, TP152, 1st show, Objective Fillon, Report out-of M. Henri into Brazzaville associates, 1913. 121 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 38-nine.
Fehderau, The dog chat bots foundation and you may growth of Kituba (Lingua Franca Kikongo) (Kisangani: Universite Libre du Congo, 1966) means that Kituba was a language of this slave-trade; William J
122 AGPSE, B706, Brazzaville Purpose Record, 30 Can get 1908; Roentgen. P. C. 123 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 38-nine. 124 See, such, J.-P. Chretien and you can Grams. Prunier (eds.), Les ethnies ont une histoire (Paris: Karthala, 1989); Leroy Vail (ed.), The manufacture of tribalism from inside the south Africa (London: James Currey, 1989; Chris Grey, Adaptation and you can cultural term: the production of federal area into the outlying France and you can colonial space in the outlying Gabon (Bloomington: Indiana College or university Focus on In the world Alter and you can Community Tranquility, 1994); Terence Ranger, The fresh new invention away from society for the colonial Africa’, within the Hobsbawm and Ranger (eds.), The latest creativity out-of community, 211-62, which he possess modified as the innovation away from customs revisited: the actual situation from colonial Africa’, inside the Terence Ranger and you will Olufemi Vaughan (eds.), Legitimacy while the condition into the 20th 100 years Africa (London: Macmillan, 1993), 62-111. From the modify off his article, Ranger has been swayed, among others, of the Benedict Anderson, Envisioned groups: reflections towards sources and spread away from nationalism (London: Verso, 1983). 125 Harold W. Samarin, The latest root away from Kituba and you will Lingala’, Journal away from African Dialects and you can Linguistics, twelve, step 1 (September 1991), 47-77, suggests that its diffusion are so much more regarding overseas train pros throughout the down Congo. 126 ASMF, Elizabeth l l . Brev fran Kongo, Lindgren to SMF, 18 Oct 1911; B and Elizabeth. zero. 1, Korr., Lindgren so you can SMF, eleven November 1911; F. no. step one, Dagbok, 22 March 1914; Brev fran Kongo, Grams. An excellent. Hult to help you SMF, 11 January 1918. 127 Address out-of Governor-General Merlin, BCAF, 10 (1910), 337. 128 Girard, ‘Brazzaville’, 38-9; AOM, 4(2)D13, Report in the Pool area, Brazzaville, Will get 1913. 129 Mumbansa mwa Bawele, ‘Y a great-t-il de l’ensemble des Bangalas?’ Zaire-Afrique, 78 (arin, ‘The origins off Kituba and you can Lingala’, 47, 57-69, and you can ‘Bondjo ethnicity and colonial imagination’, Canadian Diary out of African Education, 18 (1984), 345-65. 130 ‘Brazzaville’, BPSE, 25 (1909-10), 511; AGPSE, B706, Brazzaville Goal Log, 31 May 1908,twenty five September 1910,1 December 1913. 131 Look for chapters 3 and you may 4. 132 Grillot, ‘Dans ce Haut-Congo Francais’, 139; ‘Brazzaville’, BCPSE, twenty seven (1913-14), 55; P. Augouard, Quarante-quatre annees au Congo (Evreux: Poussin, 1934), 50, 72-step three,105. 133 Girard,’Brazzaville’, 29, 29. 134 AOM, 4(2)D5, Management statement, Moyen-Congo, September-November 1910. 135 Frederick Cooper, ‘Urban space, commercial day, and wage work inside the Africa’, in his Strive to your urban area, 23. dos 1
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